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ENDNOTES

¹Abandoned Mine Remediation: Increasing Community Involvement. CCSG Associates. Prepared for the National Orphaned/Abandoned Mine Working Group. 2002.
² Ibid.
³ Turner, Larry. January 1988. An Historical Analysis of the Deloro Site. Ottawa: Commonwealth Historic Resource Management Ltd.
⁴ Bowles, Roy T. June 14, 1951. Deloro’s Great Expansion. The Marmora Herald.
⁵ Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, www/ene.gov.on.ca/envision/deloro.htm
⁶Ontario Ministry of Energy and Environment. July 1999. In Brief, Cleaning Up The Deloro Mine Site.
⁷ Ibid.
⁸ Dr. Ray Farquharson. 1957. Professor of Medicine at Toronto University. Workers compensation claim records.
⁹ Shulman, Morton. 1974. Ontario Coroner.
¹⁰ Care Delivery Network Project. 1998. An Introduction to South Eastern Ontario: a demographic, socio-economic, health status and health services profile of Southeastern Ontario.
¹¹ Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, www/ene.gov.on.ca/envision/deloro.htm
¹² Louise Livingston. June 21, 2002. Is the federal government yet another stumbling block? The Community Press, Eastern Edition.
¹³ Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, www/ene.gov.on.ca/envision/deloro/liaisongroups.htm.
¹⁴ Ibid.
¹⁵MOEE comments, September 2002.
¹⁶Natural Resources Canada web site: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/mrd/extech3/giant_e.html,
“Exploration and Development of the Giant Mine.”
¹⁷Kevin O’Reilly, Canadian Arctic Resources Committee. “The Giant Mine in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.” April 2002.
¹⁸DIAND. Giant Mine Project. “Information: Frequently Asked Questions.” 2002.
¹⁹Lutra Associates Ltd. “Awareness Testing: Findings from the Focus Groups on Giant Mine and the Arsenic Trioxide.” Prepared for the Communications Directorate, DIAND, NWT Region. Jan. 2002, p. 5.
²⁰ Ibid, p. i.
²¹ Ibid, p. i.
²² GeoNorth Limited. “Final Report for Developing Options and Recommendations to Establish and Operate a Giant Mine Community Liaison Committee.” Yellowknife, NWT. March 2002. Pp. 17.
²³ Ibid, p. 17.
²⁴ Ibid, p. ii.
²⁵ Sierra Club of British Columbia, Environmental Mining Council of British Columbia, and Taku Wilderness Association. “Response to the Government of Canada to a Submission on Enforcement Matters Under Articles 14 and 15 of the North American Agreement of Environmental Cooperation.” Sept. 8, 1999.
²⁶ State of the Tsolum River: A Comprehensive Report on Work Completed by the Tsolum River Task Force, April 1997-March 1999. Kathy Campbell. Tsolum River Task Force. April 1999, p. 5.
²⁷ C.E. Walker and J.R. MacLeod (ed). “Catalogue of Salmon Spawning Streams and Escapement Populations Statistical Area No. 14 Pacific Region.” Department of Fisheries and Forestry. Vancouver, BC. 1970.
²⁸ State of the Tsolum River, p. 5.
²⁹ J. Deniseger, J.P. Collin, and A.R. Chapman. “Tsolum River Watershed Water Quality Assessment and Objectives:” Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (MELP), April 1995.
³⁰ AGRA Earth and Environmental Limited, “Report on Opportunities Relating to the Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage at Mt. Washington and the Restoration of the Tsolum River Watershed, “ July 1996, p. 10.
³¹ The objectives proposed by Deniseger et al. (1995) apply to the entire length of the Tsolum River, with the exception of a 500 m mixing zone downstream of Murex Creek. Water quality objectives for copper are as follows: 30 day average of 0.007 mg/L dissolved Cu (based on at least 5 samples) and a maximum of 0.011 mg/L dissolved Cu (in a grab sample).
³²Ibid, p. 10.
³³ State of the Tsolum, p. 5.
³⁴Les Carter. “Working Together for Healthy Watersheds.” Report to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. July 1995, p. 2.
³⁵Ibid, p. 1.
³⁶Tsolum River Task Force. “Terms of Reference.” August 26, 1997.
³⁷ State of the Tsolum, p. 9.
³⁸ Superfund Fact Book, Congressional Research Report 94-464 ENR, May, 1994. (http://cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/Waste/waste-1.cfm)
³⁹ RCRA, Superfund & EPCRA Hotline Training Module: Introduction to Superfund Community Involvement. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, us Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. (updated) 1998.
⁴⁰ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement: EPA Superfund Response Staff Tell How Public Involvement Has Helped Clean Up Sites. Bruce Englebert. us Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. Washington, D.C. May, 1999.
Note: While not all Superfund sites are mine sites, the examples used reflect many of the same problems faced by mine site remediation, i.e., sites are technically complex, have various forms of contamination, present potential health concerns, involve a diversity of stakeholders, numerous government agencies are involved, and there may be no party willing or able to take financial responsibility for cleaning up the site.
⁴¹ See the following us EPA web sites to download tool kits and case studies. Superfund Community Involvement (http://www.epa.gov/superfund/action/community/index.htm)
and EPA Public Involvement (http://www.epa.gov/publicinvolvement/).
⁴² Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. Nicolas A. Ashford and Kathleen M. Rest. Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial Development. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. March 1999. pp. IV-13.
⁴³ D.J. Fiorino. “Citizen participation and environmental risk: a survey of institutional mechanisms.” Science, Technology and Human Values. 1990. 15(2):226-243. Understanding Risk: Informing Decision in a Democratic Society. National Research Council, Committee on Risk Characterization. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 1996. (Cited in Public Participation in Contaminated Communities, p.III-2)
⁴⁴ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. p. III-6.
⁴⁵ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement.
⁴⁶ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement (Ed Als, EPA Region 2) “Early involvement makes a real difference at the Li Tungsten site” case study.
⁴⁷ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement (Fred MacMillan, EPA Region 3, Palmerton case study)
⁴⁸ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement (David Page, Department of Energy, EPA Region 4, Poplar Creek case study)
⁴⁹ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement (Donn Walters, EPA Region 6 CIC for Hudson Refinery)
⁵⁰ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement “East Fork Poplar Creek cleanup” case study.
⁵¹ Evaluation Report on the Pine Street Barge Canal Coordinating Council, Burlington, VT: Lessons learned from this Region 1 Community Advisory Group. us Environmental Protection Agency. Office of the Regional Administrator, Region 1. Boston, MA. July, 2000. p. 5.
⁵² Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the us EPA – Lessons Learned, Barriers & Innovative Approaches. us Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Economics and Innovation. Washington, D.C. January, 2001. p. 7.

⁵³ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. IV-13.
⁵⁴ Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the U.S. EPA. p. 4.
⁵⁵ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement, “EPA dunking helps wash out community resistance.”
⁵⁶ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. IV-17.
⁵⁷ Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the U.S.
⁵⁸ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement, “Successful partnering with a community leader in Michigan City, Indiana.”
⁵⁹ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. IV-34.
⁶⁰ Evaluation Report on the Pine Street Barge Canal Coordinating Council. p. 2.
⁶¹ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement, “Building ties to the community finally pays off in Los Angeles.”
⁶² E.g., the Design Review Committee in Albuquerque. Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. VI-24.
⁶³ The Constructive Engagement Resource Guide: Practical Advice for Dialogue Among Facilities, Workers, Communities and Regulators. “New Bedford Harbor Superfund Community Forum: Progress without complete consensus.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Appendix 1 – Case Studies. (http://www.epa.gov/publicinvolvement/pdf/appd1.pdf).
⁶⁴ Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the us p.10.
⁶⁵ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities, p. I-2.
⁶⁶ Contaminated Communities: The Social and Psychological Impacts of Residential Toxic Exposure. M.R. Edelstein (Boulder, CO: Westview Press). 1988. (Cited in Public Participation in Contaminated Communities).
⁶⁷Public Participation in Contaminated Communities, pp. III-2.
⁶⁸ Understanding Risk: Informing Decision in a Democratic Society. National Research Council, Committee on Risk Characterization. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 1996. (Cited in Public Participation in Contaminated Communities).
⁶⁹ S. Eden. “Public participation in environmental policy: considering scientific, counter-scientific and non-scientific contributions,” Public Understand Sci. 1996. 5:193-204; Fiorino, D.J. “Environmental risk and democratic process: a critical review,” Columbia Journal of Environmental Law. 1989. 14:501-547. 1988; N. Ashford, “Science and values in the regulatory process.” Statistical Science. 3:377-383. (Cited in Public Participation in Contaminated Communities)
⁷⁰ Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the U.S. EPA. p. 5.
⁷¹ Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the U.S. EPA. p. 5.
⁷² For communities living near contaminated sites that are not part of the Superfnd program, U.S. communities can access similar grants through EPA’s Technical Outreach Services for Communities program. Information on both of these programs is available on EPA’s web site (http://www.epa.gov/).
⁷³ Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the U.S. EPA. p. 5.
⁷⁴ Evaluation Report on the Pine Street Barge Canal Coordinating Council. p. 4.
⁷⁵ W. Mellot. “Formation of the Summitville Mine TAG: The TAG administrator’s perspective.” Nov., 1998. us Environmental Protection Agency web site (http://www.epa.gov/).
⁷⁶ Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the U.S. EPA. p. 8.
⁷⁷ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. IV-37, 38, 42.
⁷⁸ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. VI-2.
⁷⁹ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. VI-3.
⁸⁰ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. VI-5.
⁸¹ Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the U.S. EPA. p. 8.
⁸² Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. III-10.
⁸³Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. IV-30.
⁸⁴Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. VI-3.
⁸⁵Stakeholder Involvement: Open Processes for Reaching Decisions
About the Future uses of Contaminated Sites. M.G. English, D.L. Feldman, and B.E. Tonn. Univ. of Tennessee, Waste Management Research and Education Institute, Knoxville, TN. December, 1993. (Cited in Public Participation in Contaminated Communities).
⁸⁶Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. p. I-3.
⁸⁷ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. IV-2.
⁸⁸ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement, “Early involvement makes a real difference at the Li Tungsten Site.”
⁸⁹ Understanding Risk: Informing Decision in a Democratic Society. National Research Council, Committee on Risk Characterization. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 1996. Framework for Environmental Risk Management. Final Report, Vol.2. Washington, D.C. 1997. (Cited in Public Participation in Contaminated Communities)
⁹⁰ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp IV-22.
⁹¹ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. III-11.
⁹² Evaluation Report on the Pine Street Barge Canal Coordinating Council. pp. 5, 6.
⁹³ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. IV-37, 38, 42.
⁹⁴ Stakeholder Involvement & Public Participation at the U.S. EPA. p. 8.
⁹⁵ This occurred in Chatanooga Case Study. Public Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. III-11.
⁹⁶ Evaluation Report on the Pine Street Barge Canal Coordinating Council. p. 5.
⁹⁷ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement, “Building ties to the community finally pays off in Los Angeles.”
⁹⁸ Participation in Contaminated Communities. pp. IV-55. This example deals with the contamination at an historic uranium processing site.
⁹⁹ Lessons Learned About Superfund Community Involvement,” Fear mongering gives way to fact finding in Palmerton, Pennsylvania.”
¹⁰⁰ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities, pp. IV-54.
¹⁰¹ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities, pp. IV-29.
¹⁰² Evaluation Report on the Pine Street Barge Canal Coordinating Council. p. 4, 5.
¹⁰³ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities, p. V-16.
¹⁰⁴ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities, p. IV-36.
¹⁰⁵ Public Participation in Contaminated Communities, p. IV-44.
¹⁰⁶ Evaluation Report on the Pine Street Barge Canal Coordinating Council. p. 7.
¹⁰⁷ Analysis and Evaluation of the EPA Common Sense Initiative. Kerr, Grenier, Andersen and April, Inc. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. July, 1999. p. 42.